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Chapter 2.
Supersize Part 2:  Replacing coal boilers with nuclear boilers.
Sputnik déjà vu (all over again):   The Russian BN-800 nuclear boiler is our  "Technology Opportunity"
Fast Neutron Reactor Overview - World Nuclear Association - April 2010 .pdf
BN-800 update page
  http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/BN-800+Reactor.html 


< Replacing this.                                                                      With this. >
 

(Right) Rosatom BN-800 nuclear boiler.

(Left)  230 feet high, open-air for cooling, a pair of Babcock & Wilcox supersized coal burning power plant boilers. - Photo: B&W Brochure 

 

 

Doing It.  The nuclear boiler that can replace the largest coal boilers.
Part   1    Replacing coal boilers with nuclear boilers.  The "Right Stuff."
Part   2    
We can replace coal boilers with high-temperature nuclear boilers.  Why do we have to use high temperature nuclear reactors?
Part   3   
Most of the world's slow-neutron nuclear reactors cannot replace a coal boiler.  Going with what we've got.
Part   4    The nuclear boiler that can replace the largest coal boilers.  The BN-800 - the world's best Technology Opportunity.  Sputnik déjà vu.
Part   5   
Oversized nuclear boilers make ending Global Warming financially attractive.

 

 

Part 1:   Why the author thinks the BN-800 has the "Right Stuff"

Replacing coal boilers with nuclear boilers.  Its practical, beats "Clean Coal" by a mile.
(The more advanced high temperature fast-neutron reactors are better suited for coal replacement applications than are the older, far less uranium efficient,
and cooler slow neutron reactors.  The BN-800 mentioned here is a commercial product being sold with smaller, earlier versions going back to 1973.)

                    Taichung's 550 MWe GE Turbine           Rosatom BN-800 880 MWe Reactor        BN-800 at 2,524 psia          Conventional PWR reactor
                                                                                                                                                                                        Turbine Steam Loop
Steam Type                          Superheated                             Superheated                               Superheated                             Subcooled
Pressure (psia)                           2,524                                        2,000                                         2,524                                       900
Temperature (°F)                         1,000  (331
°F superheat)               910  (275°F superheat)                910  (241
°F superheat)           530
Sat. Temperature (°F)                     669                                           635                                           669                                       532
Reheat Temperature
(°F)              1,000  (from 550)               No Reheat on stock unit              Reheater could be added                 None
Enthalpy (Btu/lbm)                       1,461                                       1,415                                          1,393                                      524
Internal Energy (Btu/lbm)              1,318                                       1,283                                          1,266                                      520
Entropy (Btu/lbm-F)                            1.53                                        1.51                                             1.48                                     0.725
Specific Volume (ft3/lbm)                    0.321                                      0.358                                            0.271                                   0.021
Density (lbm/ft3)                                 3.111                                      2.796                                           3.678                                  47.231     Water = 62.4
Cp (Btu/lbm-F)                                    0.665                                      0.676                                           0.7449                                  1.249

Steam compatibilities.  Using the world's largest supersized coal plant, Taichung, as the example.  Rosatom's BN-800 880MWe high temperature nuclear boiler and Taichung's GE 550 MWe turbine are a close, but not perfect fit.  At 880 MWe, the reactor can provide much more steam than the 550 MWe turbine can use.  The turbine is built for 2,524psi/1,000°F steam while the OEM BN-800 delivers 2,000psi/910°F steam.  Mass flow would be about 3,187,000 pounds of water per hour.

The BN-800 has liquid-to-liquid steam generators as opposed to the much longer gas-to-liquid boiler tubes of a coal burning boiler.

Can the BN-800 make the 2,524 psia steam needed to drive the 550 MWe GE turbine to full power?  Yes, but you may not want to.  Saturated steam temperature for 2,524 psi is 669°F so making pressure isn't a problem.  Of course this does mean the superheat and reheat would be 910°F or 241°F over saturated instead of the coal boiler's 331°F.  Compare the enthalpies.  95% with 910°F steam looks quite possible without risking undue high pressure stage turbine blade/bucket erosion.  Recall that turbines cost 8% to 12% of the entire power plant so they can't be put at risk.

Stand-alone gas-fired superheater and reheater boosters are quite feasible.  Only 90 degrees needs to come from the stand-alone boost units.  That's about 216 million BTU/hr for the superheat at 2,524 psia, 138 million BTU/hr for the reheat at 552 psia, or a total of 354 million BTU/hr or, at $4 per million BTU, = $1,420 per hour for that last 25 MWe boost to full throttle OEM output.  Might be worth it on peak.

Along these lines of thought:

General Electric Steam Turbine Service advertises the services of their turbine rebuilding division. They suggest that they have newer blade designs for older turbines that will improve the turbine's efficiency.  After conversion from coal steam to nuclear steam, when the turbine becomes rebuild-ready, blades optimized for the lower superheat and reheat nuclear steam could be installed instead of simply renewing the 20+ year old coal steam blades.

Another aspect is what to do with all that extra steam power that will be available on sites that have coal units smaller than 880 MWe?  A second turbine gallery with new small low-cost coal steam turbine-generators comes to mind.  The second gallery could also be located in another unneeded portion of the coal yard.  Set up the heat exchangers and controllers to drive two separate loads?

(Below) BN-600 and BN-800 comparison.

 

 Rosatom's successor to their fast neutron, sodium cooled, high-temperature BN-350 and BN-600 reactors.  The BN series is a 4th Generation reactor.  There is nothing exactly like it in the United States.

The BN-800 is a going commercial concern.    It has a long, good track record.
BN-800 update page
  http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/BN-800+Reactor.html 
Its coal boiler template:  Babcock & Wilcox "UP" Universal Pressure Superheated or Supercritical boiler ( Boilers: Universal Pressure (UP) Boiler - B&W )  

The BN-800 is of the same family of fast-neutron reactors as the U.S. Integral Fast Reactor (IFR)
Links to web sites that have IFR information:  http://www.ourenergyworld.com/

BN-800 construction photographs:    Russian BN-800 Construction Photos .pdf 

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About coal and nuclear boilers

Part 2:   

Can we replace coal boilers with high-temperature nuclear boilers?
Why do we have to use high temperature nuclear reactors?

Hot Water Boilers,  Steam Boilers

There are over 1 billion boilers in the world.  Why do we use boilers?

Ancient Romans used boilers to provide heated water for their bath houses.  Most of the world's boilers are used to provide heated water rather than steam.

Why use a liquid to transport heat?

A cubic foot of water will carry about 3,000 times as much heat as a cubic foot of air. 

Why use steam boilers?

Modern Man has been using steam boilers for about 300 years to convert heat energy into mechanical energy.  The first use of a steam boiler for mechanical power was the engine devised in 1710 by Thomas_Newcomen  for pumping water out of mines.

Water is a wonderful way to turn heat energy into mechanical energy because when you turn water into steam it changes state, expanding its volume 1,600 times.  If the steam is not allowed to expand freely in volume, its pressure will go up drastically.  That's where all that piston-pushing power in a steam locomotive comes from. 

A steam explosion is one of the deadliest forms of explosion known to Man.  Boilers have to be competently built, installed, maintained, and operated.

When the steam is turned back into water by cooling, it changes state again, this time contracting in volume 1,600 times, creating a powerful vacuum.  This is extremely helpful when discharging steam from the final stage of a steam turbine.   Steam has quite different properties at different temperatures and pressures.

How does the author know there are more than 10 million boilers in the world?

"The world commercial boiler market rose to $ 1.7 billion and 587,000 units in 2001, growing at 3% per annum. The fastest growing markets are Russia at 9% per annum, followed by China, Turkey and the UK." -- American Boiler Manufacturers Association Magazine

If the boiler replacement market is about 587,000 units per year and, if a typical boiler's life is 25 years, that means there are 587,000 times 25 or about 15 million commercial boilers out there.

BOILERS can be as powerful as a million horsepower, but, as can be seen below, are more often about 600,000 or so horsepower..  Unlike a vehicle, they operate constantly, spewing out Global Warming CO2 into the environment for years at a time.  Over time, this really adds up.  Its quite understandable they account for about 70% of Global Warming. 

Its difficult to understand why the environmentalists haven't made any moves to replace fossil fuel combustion boilers with nuclear fission boilers/steam generators.  There are many replacement nuclear boilers coming on the world's markets - some 50 different units from 15 different countries. 

 

This site is advocating replacing fossil fuel boilers with high temperature nuclear boilers to end Global Warming.

Why use high temperature - instead of conventional - nuclear reactors to replace coal boilers?

A 550°F conventional nuclear reactor can't power a 1,000°F coal plant . . . It simply isn't hot enough.  Coal can produce heat over 2,000°F.  Coal power plants use 1,000°F steam for higher efficiency.  Conventional nuclear reactors cannot produce steam hotter than 550°F, so conventional nuclear reactors cannot be used to produce coal's 1,000°F steam.  High-temperature nuclear reactors will work just fine. 

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Ancient mud puddle nuclear reactors at OKLO, Gabon, West Africa.  Unlike combustion, fission is a natural form of heat.

Part 3:  Some background.

Most of the world's nuclear reactors cannot replace a coal boiler.
Going with what we've got today.
 
This may be the major reason no one else (to the author's knowledge) has a web site like this. 

A Tale of Three Steams

Most of the world's nuclear reactors are slow-neutron, water cooled, running at perhaps 550°F which produces 1,000 pound per square inch (psi) steam and drive a low and intermediate pressure pair of turbines, which, in turn, drive the electricity generator.

Most of the world's coal burning power plant boilers (1) the evaporator boils water at perhaps 670°F, producing 2,500 pounds per square inch (psi) steam that is then superheated (Steam above 708°F.) to 1,000°F by (2) drawing the steam off the boiling water and then running the steam through the boiler a second time to drive large turbine-generators that have 3 pressure stages: High, Medium, and Low.  Most power plant units add a zinger: (3) A third steam pass through the boiler to reheat the steam after it leaves the high pressure stage of the turbine and before it enters the intermediate stage of the turbine.  This adds a real slug of extra energy, efficiency, and dryness to the steam.  Most important, dryness of steam means less wear on the turbine's blades.

 

Zeroing in on a reactor with the "Right Stuff"
for making the right kinds of steam.
(Much below from Wikipedia.)

Coal boilers make much more sophisticated types of steam than a nuclear boiler's crude "Teakettle" steam.

In addition to the basic saturated steam made by both nuclear and coal boilers, coal boilers also make "superheated" steam and "reheated" steam.

(Below)  The Pressurized Water Reactor or PWR.  2/3 of the world's conventional water cooled reactors are of this type.

(Below)  The Boiling Water Reactor or BWR.  1/3 of the world's conventional water cooled reactors are of this type. 
Lacks one level of containment.

 

"Teakettle" or basic saturated steam [evaporator steam] is the only kind of steam produced by conventional nuclear reactors running at about 550°F (300°C).  This produces a pressure of about 1,050 pounds per square inch.  Saturated steam contains droplets of water that will erode the blades of the turbine, so the steam is run through a "dryer" - a series of baffles - that cause the water droplets to separate and drain down to the bottom of the dryer and then be returned to the feedwater inlet system.  The dried steam is then sent into first an intermediate pressure turbine and then a low pressure condensing turbine.  As you can see from the efficiency curve (below), running at these temperatures produce only mediocre efficiencies, but if this is all the hotter the reactor can go, its what's accepted.

(Below) The core of a typical fossil fuel power station.  Note the steam lines going back and forth between turbine and boiler.
Note the by-pass (10) on the high pressure turbine stage (11).

Coal, natural gas, and oil burning fossil fuel boilers begin with the firebox jacket [evaporator] (1) making a hotter 670°F (300°C) saturated steam which produces about 2,500 psi, but since a fossil fuel fire boiler can easily heat twice that temperature, the wet saturated steam is taken off ABOVE the water at the TOP of the "steam drum" (device 17, above) and then (2) run through the boiler again and superheated an additional 350°F or so.  Since the steam is at 2,500 pounds per square inch (its basic saturated pressure) but 350 degrees hotter than needed to make the basic pressure, it becomes very dry and has the characteristics of a gas rather than a fog-like vapor.  This very hot and dry steam is used to drive the high pressure stage of the three-stage turbine.  Notice from the efficiency chart these temperature conditions may produce a 5% more efficient power plant.

Going into the high pressure turbine stage (11) [note the bypass valve, 10] at 2,500 psi and 1,000°F, the steam expands, transferring its energy into mechanical energy, loosing both pressure and temperature in the process, and may come out at 500 psi and 500°F.  Steam saturation temperature at 500 psi is 467°F, so the steam coming out is almost fog-like with droplets - potentially very damaging to turbine blades if the temperature were any lower.  No problem with a fossil fuel boiler - just (3) reheat it back to 1,000°F [but still at 500psi] with yet another pass through the boiler before sending it, still at 500 psi, into the intermediate (9) and condensing (6) turbine stages.  Nice and dry so fog-like water droplets won't damage the turbine blades and buckets, this adds a fair slug of thermal energy too, pushing efficiency even higher.

You may want to trace out the steam path in the fossil fuel power plant drawing above, paying attention to the evaporator steam drum (device 17).  Devices 11, 9, and 6 are the high, intermediate, and low pressure turbines.  Boiler tubes 19 are the superheat, boiler tubes 21 are the reheat.

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What we've got to work with today

Conventional reactors just don't cut it when it comes to competing with coal's heat. 
This is why you don't hear anyone talking about converting coal burning power plants to conventional nuclear.

All is not lost.  There are advanced reactors that, in the author's opinion, could be set up to emulate coal boilers.

1. The General Electric-Hitachi PRISM  On the NRC Docket.                 (Considered a modern version the Integral Fast Reactor.)
2. The Russian BN-800, which resembles the                                  
(A commercial product with a strong history.  Built and sold by Russia.)
3. United States' Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBRII) built at Idaho National Laboratories.
  A fast-neutron device, this type of reactor is passively safe through heat sensitivity, using thermal expansion beyond normal operating temperature to impair neutron flow.  In a test of the EBR-II, during a full power run, its heat exchanger's cooling water was turned off, causing the reactor to go over temperature.  By not allowing the normal shutdown systems to interfere, the reactor power dropped to near zero within about 300 seconds (5 minutes). No damage to the fuel or the reactor resulted.  Radial core expansion and control rod drive elongation provided the overall negative reactivity feedbacks to lower the reactor power during the unprotected loss of secondary cooling event.  Additional minor reactivity effects are fuel Doppler Broadening feedback, primary coolant density feedback, and fuel thermal expansion.

The EBRII was later slightly modified and then operated as the Integral Fast Reactor (or IFR) prototype. As the IFR prototype, it achieved first criticality in 1965 and ran for 30 years. 

President Bill Clinton killed the construction of the extremely promising IFR reactor in 1994 as payback to the antinuclear environmentalists by defunding the project.  http://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=103&session=2&vote=00175 

   http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_II          http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_Fast_Reactor 

4. The never-built Liquid Fluoride Thorium Reactor (LFTR).            http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molten_salt_reactor 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

(Above, Below Left,) the 1964 United States EBR-II,                   (Below Right,) the 2012 Russian BN-800.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(Below) General layout of this type of EBR-II / BN-800 reactor - Gen-IV drawing.  Usually has multiple heat exchangers.

(Below) The 1973 Russian BN-350 layout showing the steam superheater (Right).

(Below) Photograph of BN-350.

 

(Below) Why hotter is more profitable.  Why your father's reactor won't cut it.

Conventional nuclear power plants in the United States run at 300°C (550°F), coal burning power plants run at 500°C (1,000°F).

The three steams, one more time:  Evaporator steam is what boils off water.  This is the steam that sets the boiler's steam pressure.  To minimize turbine blade wear and to obtain higher efficiencies, we need to make Superheated steam - steam at a temperature higher than the water's boiling point temperature at that pressure. If saturated steam is drawn off the evaporator and is heated at constant pressure, its temperature will rise, producing superheated steam. This will occur if saturated steam contacts a surface with a higher temperature. The steam is then described as superheated by the number of degrees which it has been heated above the evaporator's saturation steam temperature.

Superheated steam and liquid water cannot coexist under thermodynamic equilibrium, as any additional heat simply evaporates more water and the steam will become saturated steam at some higher pressure. However, under dynamic conditions some degree of superheating is often possible.

To produce superheated steam in a power plant or for processes (such as drying paper) the saturated steam, from the steam drum, is passed through a super heater. The superheater may be radiant, convection or separately fired.

Superheated steam is not useful for building heating. Saturated steam has a much higher useful heat content

(Below) Locomotive "Firetube" boiler layout showing how superheated steam is obtained.

Beyond superheated steam: Reheated steam:  Steam is also reheated between the high pressure and intermediate pressure turbine stages in power plants.  Note: Superheated steam is NOT reheated steam.  See reheat description below.

An excellent description of why we need to reheat multi-stage turbine steam:   http://www.qrg.northwestern.edu/thermo/design-library/reheat/reheat.html
As a captured pdf:  Reheat - Using Reheat Cycles .pdf

A reactor configured to emulate a coal burning boiler will need to produce both superheated and reheated steam in addition to basic wet steam.  This is why sodium-cooled reactors with multiple heat exchangers have the "Right Stuff" to be candidates for coal boiler emulators.  With several heat exchangers - they don't have to be the same size - we can make both superheated and reheated steam in addition to basic wet steam.

(Left)  Basic Rankine Cycle with single turbine stage.

    (Right)  Two stages of turbine with reheat (HTR2).

A typical coal burning power plant has three stages of turbine on a generator.

The last stage is a double-ended condensing turbine.  See Gen-IV Drawing and power plant (6) (above).

 

 

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Part 4:   The nuclear boiler that can replace the largest coal boilers.  The Russian BN-800 - Our best Technology Opportunity.

The Russian BN-800 - Our best Technology Opportunity.
BN-800 update page  http://worldwidescience.org/topicpages/b/BN-800+Reactor.html 

 

 

(Left) Cut away view of BN-800.

(Right) BN-800.  Click on it for larger view.

 

 

 

 

Double repowering:

Repowering a supersized coal burner to nuclear.  The new equipment:  A BN-800 reactor mounted on a buried barge covered by a large mound of dirt, and a new "hybrid" turbine (located between the reactor and the original coal burning power plant).  The addition of the hybrid turbine almost doubles the electricity output of the power plant for very little additional cost - $300 million installed (turbine-generator-cooling-transformer-building) cost gives us 1.3 billion dollars of new electrical generating capacity at perhaps $0.78 per watt instead of today's $3.50 per watt (for a new coal plant - Synapse-Energy Economics, Inc.) or $7.00 a watt (for the new Levy County Nuclear Power Plant Right).

This approach ends the Global Warming CO2 this plant was producing while almost doubling its electrical output.  What's not to like from a deal like that?

If you want to throw the extra capacity away, here is a link to a drawing without the hybrid turbine.

How a supersized coal burning power plant can be repowered with a mobile modularized nuclear reactor: A typical coal burning power plant (above) has it's coal equipment disconnected (above, shown lifted away and faded) and a nuclear reactor is added next door to the power plant in its coal storage yard (right, in a reinforced concrete silo containment tube inside the mound).  Supersized power plants are almost always on navigable bodies of water.  Often, this means they are subject to the threat of river floods, ocean storm surges, from hurricanes or cyclones, tsunamis and, in the "ring of fire," earthquakes.  That, along with the high water tables commonly found where surface water is present, are good reasons to build above the ground with openings above the highest anticipated storm surge to avoid inundation. 

The 1,000 ton reactor would be mass-produced on a barge elsewhere in a shipyard - to minimize cost and maximize quality.  This way it wouldn't matter much if the reactor-barge was made in a shipyard in Russia, China, Holland, or New Orleans.

Mass production is important to cash-strapped Global Warming mitigation.  Never underestimate the power mass production has over price.  The Model T sold for $850 in 1909, by 1920, mass production brought the price of a higher quality Model T down to $290, or 1/3 the 1909 price.  Mass production is the way to dramatically bring unit costs down and quality up.  To date, there have been no mass produced basic nuclear boilers.  The author has found several references to such in the literature and has added David Walter's version to the BN-800 page.

Westinghouse actually began to mass produce nuclear power plants in shipyards in 1970. 

"Westinghouse leaders recognized that they would need a partner with extensive shipbuilding experience, and attracted the participation of Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company. The two companies created a 50/50 partnership company that became known as Offshore Power Systems.  Public Service did not simply make design suggestions; they signed contracts for two plants [each a dual 1,200 MWe barge] designated Atlantic 1 and 2. These contracts provided most of the funding required to complete the detailed engineering drawings, produce the license application, and to build the manufacturing facility."  - Rod Adams

Check out those Russian construction photos.  They are building a BN-800 by hand in snow.  It could be built a lot quicker, more accurately, and cheaper if it were being built in a modern automated shipyard like Newport News.  Look at all those ship size metal panels being hand-assembled in that huge shop.  Modern shipyards are equipped with computer controlled automated ship panel cutters, benders, and seam welders.

Installation:  The reactor's concrete barge (with stainless steel reinforcing rods) could be towed anywhere in the world by an ocean-going tug to wherever the supersized power plant is located.  The barge would then be floated next to the power plant via a temporary access channel dredged into the power plant's coal yard.  At high tide, the barge's pre-cast bottom piling sockets are set on the pre-driven foundation pilings.  The access channel would then be filled in.  Eventually, the barge would be buried, the barge becoming the upper part of the reactor's foundation. 

Forms for an excessively strong reinforced concrete containment silo would then be set on a pre-cast silo base that is part of the barge, and the concrete poured.

Extreme containment in a massive dirt mound:  The bulk dirt handling equipment to bring in and shape the dirt is already on site - the power plant's coal handling railroads, barges, bulldozers - should be able to make a 50 foot high by five hundred foot long containment silo protection mound for four reactors in a row, with an access road running along its top, in a relatively short time for not too much money.  Radiation can't get out, airplanes can't crash in.  Note the vertical passive cooling air ducts.  The GE-Hitachi fast neutron, SNF (nuclear waste) burning reactor has passive air cooling (page 8), a feature that could be added to the very similar BN-800.

Connecting the reactor to the existing power plant turbine:  The new reactor is then connected to the existing turbine-generator located in the power plant.  In the connection configuration above, the turbine steam is the reactor's secondary cooling loop with two of the three heat exchangers in the reactor vessel being primary steam generators and one heat exchanger being the high pressure to intermediate pressure turbine reheat stage (bottom pink steam line).

If desired, the power plant's turbine could be equipped with steam selector valves, enabling it to be powered by either coal or nuclear.  The intent of this construction management plan is to cause as little as possible additional engineering or preparation time to be needed.  This level of proficiency should be reached before the 10th repowering BN-800 was installed.  Think of this repowering approach as routine laparoscopic surgery to a power plant.  Like getting a standard new furnace or air conditioner installed adjacent to an existing house with just an access hole in the wall for the pipes.

If the reactor ever needed major repair back at the shipyard or at the end of the reactor's life, the installation process would be reversed, the containment cut away, the concrete barge unearthed, the access channel re-opened, the barge floated off its piling sockets, and the reactor towed away for disposal at a remote disposal facility somewhere else in the world.

While low-enriched nuclear fuel is incapable of a nuclear explosion and the containment would contain any conceivable eventuality, this ability to float the reactor and containment silo away would be a cost-effective and viable disposal path if something goes terribly wrong and the reactor ends up needing premature disposal.  Additional floatation pontoons would have to be added to accommodate the extra weight of the containment cylinder, which would be retained in this event.

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Part 5:  The nuclear boiler that can replace the largest coal boilers.  Oversized nuclear boilers make ending Global Warming financially attractive.

Oversized nuclear boilers make ending Global Warming financially attractive.

 

 

 

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NEWS ITEMS

Joint venture launched for Chinese fast reactor

30 April 2010
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A joint venture company has been officially established for the construction of China's first commercial-scale fast neutron reactor, near Sanming city in Fujian province.

 

The joint venture - Sanming Nuclear Power Co Ltd - was established by China National Nuclear Corp (CNNC), Fujian Investment and Development Corp and the municipal government of Sanming city. CNNC holds a majority stake in the venture. A ceremony, attended by company officials and local dignitaries, was held on 28 April to mark the joint venture's inauguration.

 

 

CNNC-Fujian JV (CNNC)

The joint venture is officially launched (Image: CNNC)

 

 

According to a statement from CNNC, a site survey at Sanming was completed in 2007, while a preliminary feasibility study was completed in 2008. Proposals were submitted in 2009 to build a demonstration fast reactor at Sanming in cooperation with Russia. A comprehensive feasibility study into the construction of the Sanming fast reactor was launched on 23 April during the first general meeting of the project partners.

 

In October 2009, a high-level agreement was signed for Russia to start pre-project and design works for two commercial 800 MWe fast neutron reactors in China, with construction due to start in August 2011. The agreement, signed with Russia's AtomStroyExport by the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) and the Chinese Nuclear Energy Industry Company (CNEIC) - a CNNC subsidiary responsible for technology imports - followed a call a year earlier by the Russian-Chinese Nuclear Cooperation Commission for construction of a demonstration fast reactor similar to the BN-800 unit being built at Beloyarsk in Russia and due to start up in 2012. Earlier in 2009, St Petersburg Atomenergopoekt said it was starting design work on a BN-800 reactor for China, with two proposed at coastal sites. The project is expected to lead to bilateral cooperation on fuel cycles for fast reactors.

 

Russia and China are already cooperating on one fast reactor, a small 65 MWt sodium-cooled unit known as the Chinese Experimental Fast Reactor at the China Institute of Atomic Energy near Beijing. OKBM Afrikantov is leading a Russian collaboration to build the unit, which is nearing completion.

 

Commercial-scale fast reactors based on it were envisaged but these may now give way to the Russian BN-800 project, which would be the first time commercial-scale fast neutron reactors have ever been exported. While thermal-spectrum nuclear reactors are the mainstay of atomic energy at the moment, by about 2040 future fuel cycles based on fast-spectrum reactors could extend uranium supplies for many centuries. While several leading nuclear nations have developed prototypes with varying levels of success, only Russia is currently committed to their commercial use.
 

Researched and written

by World Nuclear News

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Russia plans to close the nuclear fuel cycle and develop new commercial Fast Breeder Nuclear Reactor power  plants.

 We need to go over to new technological standards.  I have in mind the closed fuel cycle and the development of a commercial fast neutron reactor. This should be the objective of a specialized program called Nuclear Energy Technologies of a New Generation. Preparation of it should finish by November of this year," Putin told a conference in Elektrostal on the future of the country's nuclear industry.

 The program would involve, among other things, a set of projects to close the nuclear fuel cycle, which includes processing irradiated nuclear fuel removed from nuclear power plants that remain in operation and from nuclear submarines, and organizing the manufacture of mixed oxide (MOX) fuel to be used in fast neutron reactors.

 MOX fuel is a blend of oxides of plutonium and natural, reprocessed or depleted uranium. Fast neutron reactors would enable the nuclear industry to produce practically no waste.

   Russian has many years of experience  with fast Breeder Reactors. Construction has started on Beloyarsk-4 which is the first BN-800, a new, more powerful (880 MWe) FBR, which is actually the same overall size as BN-600.   It has improved features including fuel flexibility - U+Pu nitride, MOX, or metal, and with breeding ratio up to 1.3.  It has much enhanced safety and improved economy - operating cost is expected to be only 15% more than VVER.  It is capable of burning up to 2 tonnes of plutonium per year from dismantled weapons and will test the recycling of minor actinides in the fuel.  Further BN-800 units are planned.

  Don's comments: Russia is going to the Fast Breeder Reactor and the closed fuel cycle that has practically no waste. They are now 50 years ahead of the US, thanks to Bill Clinton,  Jimmy Carter, and the  environmentalists in the US.

Russia is forging their swords into plow shares.  (Don Lutz)

 

WNN
New Nuclear
China signs up Russian fast reactors
15 October 2009

A high-level agreement has been signed for Russia to start pre-project and design works for two commercial 800 MWe fast neutron reactors in China, while a deal for more conventional reactors draws closer.

Putin Kiriyenko Beijing October 2009 (Alexsey Druginyn, STF)
Rosatom chief Sergey Kiriyenko with
Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin
in Beijing earlier this week
(Image: Alexsey Druginyn, STF)

This follows a call twelve months ago by the Russian-Chinese Nuclear Cooperation Commission for construction of a demonstration fast reactor similar to the BN-800 unit being built at Beloyarsk in Russia and due to start up in 2012. Earlier this year, St Petersburg Atomenergopoekt said it was starting design work on a BN-800 reactor for China, with two proposed at coastal sites. The project is expected to lead to bilateral cooperation on fuel cycles for fast reactors.

Russia and China are already cooperating on one fast reactor, a small 65 MWt sodium-cooled unit known as the Chinese Experimental Fast Reactor at the China Institute of Atomic Energy near Beijing. OKBM Afrikantov is leading a Russian collaboration to build the unit, which is nearing completion and is expected to achieve first criticality later this year.

Commercial-scale fast reactors based on it were envisaged but these may now give way to the Russian BN-800 project, which would be the first time commercial-scale fast neutron reactors have ever been exported. While thermal-spectrum nuclear reactors are the mainstay of atomic energy at the moment, by about 2040 future fuel cycles based on fast-spectrum reactors could extend uranium supplies for many centuries. While several leading nuclear nations have developed prototypes with varying levels of success, only Russia is currently committed to their commercial use.

 Tianwan 3 and 4

Igor Sechin at Tianwan (CNNC)
Russian deputy prime miniser
Igor Sechin during the Tianwan visit
(Image: CNNC

The fast reactor deal was made yesterday during a visit by Russian prime minister Vladimir Putin to Beijing for talks with Premier Wen Jiabao. In attendance were the respective heads of the country's centrally-planned nuclear programs, Sergey Kiriyenko of Rosatom and Sun Qin of China National Nuclear Corporation.

Part of the delegation paid a visit to the Tianwan nuclear power plant in Jiangsu province, where two Russian VVER-1000 pressurized water reactors already operate. Two more are slated for the site and negotiations reportedly placed a ceiling on the price of these before moving on to consider another four similar units at the power plant.


 

 

Beloyarsk NPP’s BN-600 fast reactor shut down for fuel reloading

02.10.2009, 13.49

YEKATERINBURG, October 2 (Itar-Tass) -- The Beloyarsk nuclear power plant in the Sverdlovsk Region has shut down its BN-600 fast reactor for fuel reloading. The reactor will stay idle till October 19, the power plant’s public relations center told Itar-Tass.

By that time nuclear fuel is to be reloaded, routine equipment maintenance carried out and other measures taken to make preparations for prolonging the reactor’s expected service life.

In September 2009 the BN-600 reactor operated at its standard capacity to have produced over 428 million kilowatt-hours of electricity.

The radiation situation on the power plant’s premises and around it remained at the natural background level.

The Beloyarsk nuclear power plant is Russia’s first commercial one in the history of the national atomic energy industry and the sole one having different types of reactors at the same site. It runs the world’s sole fast reactor having commercial capacity. Another fast reactor – BN-800 – is under construction. Fast reactors are expected to considerably expand the fuel base of the atomic energy industry and minimize radioactive waste on the basis of the closed nuclear fuel cycle.

 

Russia May "Quadruple" Funding for Fast Reactor Project

Posted on: Thursday, 24 November 2005, 21:00 CST

MOSCOW. Nov 24 (Interfax) - The Russian government may "treble or quadruple" its budgeted funding for a project to build a fast neutron reactor (fast reactor) at the Beloyarsk nuclear power plant in 2006, a senior State Duma member said.

The Duma has allocated 1 billion rubles for the construction of the BN-800 reactor under the 2006 budget, but "we expect to build up financing during the year due to additional state revenues," Viktor Opekunov, chairman of the Duma Subcommittee on Atomic Energy, told a briefing. "Maybe to treble or quadruple it," he added.

The Beloyarsk plant already has what is the world's first and only generating unit based on a fast reactor, a BN 600.

Oleg Sarayev, deputy head of Rosenergoatom, a Russian state enterprise running nuclear power plants, said the generating unit fitted with a BN-800, which would run on mixed uranium-plutonium fuel, might be launched by 2011.

Sarayev told the same briefing that the BN-800 would cost about 20% more than ordinary reactors that are being built in Russia.

Sarayev said the BN-800 would be much cheaper; however, after the technologies used are tested, it could be manufactured serially.


Source: Daily News Bulletin; Moscow - English