coal2nuclear.com
Getting serious about ending
Global Warming
WHEN REACTORS?
page.
►to Home
Page
Previous<
Ending
Global Warming Index >Next
Ending Global Warming
When Can We Buy These
Reactors?
These reactors are just
beginning to emerge as commercial products. We need them NOW!
See also:
Understanding Nuclear
Energy, Reactor Licensing Nuclear Regulatory Commission small and medium reactor licensing.
Coal Yard Nukes are more than
just "Green pie-in-the-sky" without a delivery date.
All of these reactors are capable of producing the high temperature steam needed
to replace coal.
What is shown here is only what an American not in
the industry has picked up from the web. A better
source:
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf33.html
Hyperion 25 MWe,
Uranium
Hydride
Granules
http://www.hyperionpowergeneration.com/
Eastern
European launch in 2013
The company says that
it will have a prototype of its reactor fully designed next year and that it has
already secured an order for six units from a group of investors in Eastern
Europe, including the Czech engineering company TES, who have an option to buy a
further 44. It also claims to have other commitments from various parties –
mostly energy utilities that currently use diesel generators in remote locations
– for a further 100 units.
The company expects to deliver its first reactor in June
2013.
No moving parts
The novel feature of the reactor is that the boiler
temperature, and thus the power output, is kept steady
without the need for any moving parts, flowing water or
human intervention. If the thermal load is removed, the
uranium hydride goes over temperature, the hydrogen is
driven out of the uranium metal and the chain reaction will
eventually come to a stop, causing the reactor to cool off
until it returns to its temperature set-point. Since the
system is sealed, the hydrogen will eventually flow back
into the uranium core when it has cooled sufficiently,
causing the reaction to restart. The up-shot is that the
temperature and thus concentration of hydrogen will
stabilize at a factory pre-set temperature, although if the
sealed core is breached for any reason, the hydrogen will
escape causing the fission to permanently stop.
Heat from the reaction is
removed by liquid metal flowing in pipes with mesh wicks.
According to the company, these sealed systems are about
1000 times [?] better than solid metals in transferring heat.
Using these pipes is also an important safety feature
because they keep water, which can act as a moderator and
slow down the neutrons (thereby speeding up the chain
reaction), well away from the reactor core. [Water in
Ft St Vrain's TRISO prism core was a recurring problem.
A reason for the interest in TRISO helium or nitrogen gas
turbine systems.]
Chinese HTR-PM 100 MWe,
TRISO Pebble (No English contact)
Chinese Pebble Bed Reactor Progress - May 2007.pdf
Active. Designed to be connected in parallel
with a second HTR-PM to produce steam for a conventional 200 MWe coal power plant
turbine.
Dr. Andrew Kadak at MIT is
knowledgeable about the Chinese TRISO reactor program.
http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/contact.html
http://web.mit.edu/pebble-bed/
Pebble Bed
Modular Reactor (PBMR) 180 MWe, TRISO Pebble
http://www.pbmr.com/
Active. In prototype construction for
driving a helium gas reactor.
"Who we are
Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (Pty) Limited (PBMR) was established in 1999 with the
intention to develop and market small-scale, high-temperature reactors both
locally and internationally.
The 800-member PBMR project team is based in Centurion near Pretoria, South
Africa (map).
The PBMR is a High Temperature Reactor (HTR) with a closed-cycle, gas turbine
power conversion system. Although it is not the only HTR currently being
developed in the world, the South African project is on schedule to be the first
commercial scale HTR in the power generation field. Very high efficiency and
attractive economics are possible without compromising the high levels of
passive safety expected of advanced nuclear designs.
In the USA, PBMR is a partner in the
Westinghouse-led consortium which has been awarded a contract by the US
Department of Energy to consider the PBMR technology as heat source for
producing non-carbon derived hydrogen. The scope for the first phase of this
contract, which has now been completed, was for the pre-conceptual engineering
of a nuclear co-generation plant for the production of electricity and hydrogen.
Requests for proposals for the second phase of the NGNP project will soon be
issued, to which the PBMR consortium will be responding.
In December 2008, the Fuel
Development Laboratories – in collaboration with the South African Nuclear
Energy Corporation (Necsa) – successfully manufactured coated particles
containing 9.6% enriched uranium. The license for the production campaign was
granted by the South African National Nuclear Regulator on 5 December 2008 and
on 6 December, the fuel particles were successfully manufactured. On 5 January
2009, the coated particles were shipped to the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in
the United States where they will be compacted into specimens, after which they
will be inserted in irradiation test samples for irradiation testing at the
Idaho National Laboratory.
"Another PBMR design is aimed at
steam process heat applications (500 MWt) operating at 720°C, which provides the
basis for penetrating the nuclear heat market as a viable
alternative for carbon-burning, high-emission heat sources."
General Atomics
GT-MHR 325 MWe, TRISO Prism
http://gt-mhr.ga.com/
Active? This reactor has been around for
several years in slightly different forms. Developed by General Atomics to drive a
helium gas turbine, it may be considered the classic TRISO prism reactor.
The Russians and Areva are both supposed to be working on prototypes slanted
toward their particular needs. General Atomics was the reactor builder for
the mid-seventies Ft St Vrain early TRISO technology 'Hybrid' reactor in
Colorado. It ran for 14 years as a nuke, the turbine is still running
using the exhaust heat from a gas turbine generator.
"THE GAS TURBINE - MODULAR HELIUM
REACTOR
In 1993, General Atomics (GA) and the Russian Federation Ministry for Atomic
Energy (MINATOM) initiated a joint cooperative program to develop the Gas
Turbine - Modular Helium Reactor (GT-MHR). In 1994, the primary emphasis of the
program was refocused on development of the GT-MHR for disposition of surplus
Russian weapons-grade plutonium. In 1996 and 1997, Framatome and Fuji Electric,
respectively, also became partners in this program. The scope of the program
includes construction of a GT-MHR plant at Seversk (formerly Tomsk-7) to destroy
a portion of the Russian inventory of surplus plutonium and to produce
electricity for the surrounding region. The conceptual design was completed in
1997 by several Russian institutes in cooperation with the non-Russian partners.
Funding for the conceptual design phase was provided by MINATOM, General
Atomics, Framatome and Fuji Electric."
General Atomics has also built 65
TRIGA teaching reactors.
http://triga.ga.com/50years.html
The Hyperion reactor is related
to the TRIGA reactor family.
Liquid Fluoride-Thorium Reactor 1,000 MWe,
Liquid
(No Commercial contact available)
Small test units have been built and run very
successfully in several countries in the past. While extremely promising,
there are no current plans to build another.
Adams Atomic Engines, Inc.'s
Rod Adams can
provide critical guidance.
You can also find a pebble bed expert at: http://www-fae.iaea.org/index.cfm